SOD Assay Kit-WST 利用同仁堂的高水溶性四唑盐 WST-1 (2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4 -disulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt)，用超氧阴离子还原后产生水溶性甲臜染料（图 1）。吸收光谱如图 2 所示。WST-1 与超氧阴离子的反应性比细胞色素 C 低 70 倍；因此，可以进行高灵敏度的 SOD 检测，并且可以用缓冲液稀释样品以最大限度地减少背景问题。 WST-1 不与还原形式的黄嘌呤氧化酶反应；因此，甚至可以检测到 SOD 的 100% 抑制。超氧阴离子对 WST-1 的还原速率与黄嘌呤氧化酶活性呈线性关系，并被 SOD 抑制（见下图）。因此，可以使用比色法测定 SOD 或 SOD 样物质的 IC50（50% 抑制浓度）。
Fig. 1 SOD Inhibition assay mechanism
Fig. 2 Absorption spectrum of WST-1 formazan
Assay Procedure
a)After the addition of enzyme working solution, the mixed solution generates superoxide. Use a multi-channel pipette to add the enzyme working solution to minimize the reaction time lag.b)If the microplate reader has a temperature control function, incubate the plate on the microplate holder at 37°C.
| Samples from | Treatments | References |
|---|---|---|
| hESCs | SOD-1 overexpressing | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Model Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Overexpressing Mutant Superoxide Dismutase 1T. Wada, et al., Stem Cells Trans Med, 1, 396(2012) |
| mouse heart, liver | tetrathiomolybdate | Copper chelation by tetrathiomolybdate inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in vivoH. Wei, et al., Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 301, H712(2011) |
| MEF cells | presenilin knock-out | Presenilins Promote the Cellular Uptake of Copper and Zinc and Maintain Copper Chaperone of SOD1-dependent Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase ActivityM. A. Greenough, et al., J Biol Chem, 286, 9776(2011) |
| mouse lung | SOD3 knockout, overexpressing | Extracellular superoxide dismutase protects against pulmonary emphysema by attenuating oxidative fragmentation of ECMH. Yao, et al., PNAS, 107, 15571(2010) |
| mouse liverNrf2 | nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 | Deletion of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 leads to rapid onset and progression of nutritional steatohepatitis in miceH. Sugimoto, et al., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 298, G283(2010) |
| bacteria(Francisella strains) | gallium-transferrin | Gallium Disrupts Iron Uptake by Intracellular and Extracellular Francisella Strains and Exhibits Therapeutic Efficacy in a Murine Pulmonary Infection ModelO. Olakanmi, et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54, 244(2010) |
Preparation of Various Sample Solution
Cells (Adherent cells: 9×106 cells, Leukocytes: 1.2 x107 cells)1. Harvest cells with a scraper, centrifuge at 2,000 g for 10 min at 4ºC, and discard the supernatant.2. Wash the cells with 1 ml PBS and centrifuge at 2,000 g for 10 min at 4ºC. Discard the supernatant. Repeat this step.3. Break cells using the freeze-thaw method (-20ºC for 20 min, then 37ºC bath 10 min, repeat twice).4. Add 1 ml PBS. If necessary, sonicate the cell lysate on an ice bath (60 W with 0.5 sec interval for 15 min).5. Centrifuge at 10,000 g for 15 min at 4ºC.
Plant or Vegetable (200 mg)1. Add 1 ml distilled water, and homogenize the sample using a homogenizer with beads.2. Filter the homogenate with paper filter, and lyophilize the filtrate.3. Measure the weight of the lyophilized sample, and dissolve with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) to prepare sample solution.
Tissue (100 mg)1. Wash the tissue with saline to remove as much blood as possible. Blot the tissue with paper towels and then measure its weight.2. Add 400-900 μl sucrose buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.4) and homogenize the sample using Teflon homogenizer. If necessary, sonicate the homogenized sample on an ice bath (60W with 0.5 second intervals for 15 min).3. Centrifuge the homogenized sample at 10,000 g for 60 min at 4ºC, and transfer the supernatant to a new tube.
Tea (antioxidant activity detection)1. Add 60 ml boiled water to 10 g of tea, and leave it for 2.5 min.2. Filter the extract with paper filter and then filter again with a 0.45 μm membrane filter.3. Dilute the filtrate with distilled water to prepare sample solution.
Erythrocytes or Plasma1. Centrifuge 2-3 ml of anticoagulant-treated blood (such as heparin 10 U/ml final concentration) at 600 g for 10 min at 4°C.2. Remove the supernatant and dilute it with saline to use as a plasma sample. Add saline to the pellet to prepare the same volume, and suspend the pellet.3. Centrifuge the pellet suspension at 600 g for 10 min at 4ºC, and discard the supernatant.4. Add the same volume of saline, and repeat Step 3 twice.5. Suspend the pellet with 4 ml distilled water, then add 1 ml ethanol and 0.6 ml chloroform.6. Shake the mixture vigorously with a shaker for 15 min at 4°C.7. Centrifuge the mixture at 600 g for 10 min at 4ºC and transfer the upper water-ethanol phase to a new tube.8. Mix 0.1 ml of the upper phase with 0.7 ml distilled water, and dilute with 0.25% ethanol to prepare sample solution.
Extracellular SOD (EC-SOD)1. Prepare a 0.5 ml volume of Con A-sepharose column equilibrated with PBS.2. Apply supernatant of a tissue homogenate on the column, and leave the column for 5 min at room temperature.3. Add total 10 ml PBS to wash the column.4. Add 1 ml of 0.5 M α-methylmannoside/PBS, and collect the eluate. Repeat 5 times.5. Use the eluate for the SOD assay without dilution. If the SOD activity is high enough, dilute the eluate with PBS.
Wine (antioxidant activity detection)1. Filter wine with a 0.45 μm membrane filter.2. Dilute the filtrate with distilled water to prepare sample solution.
One unit is defined as a point where a sample gives 50% inhibition of a colorimetric reaction between reactive dye (such as cytochrome C, WST-1, nitro-tetrazolium blue or XTT) and superoxide anion. For example, if the O.D. of a sample that does not contain any SOD is 1.0, another sample that gives 0.5 O.D. is defined as having 1 unit of SOD activity. You can use this unit to determine the SOD activity of your sample. Therefore, SOD activities determined using different dyes or methods are not comparable with each other.
Yes, you can. Prepare a inhibition curve (typical inhibition curve, and determine SOD activity in the sample solution. SOD bovine erythrocytes (CAS# 9054-89-1, EC 1.15.1.1) can be purchased from Sigma (catalog# S7571).
Yes, you can use a kinetic method for SOD assay. Since the rate of the color development remains the same for up to 20 minutes, measure the slope for 5 minutes during this linear phase.
Yes, you can still use the sample. Diluting the sample will minimize the interference. Subtract the O.D. of blank 2 from the O.D. of the sample to cancel out the background color. However, if the SOD activity in the sample is low, it may not be measurable.
Dilution buffer is PBS. Please prepare the Dilution buffer with following concentrations; 137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 1.47 mM KH2PO4, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, pH 7.4.
Yes. In order to measure Mn-SOD activity, it is necessary to block the Cu/Zn-SOD activity using potassium cyanide (KCN). Adding 1 mM KCN to samples can block Cu/Zn-SOD activity completely. To measure Cu/Zn-SOD activity, measure the total SOD activity with and without KCN, and then subtract the Mn- SOD activity from total SOD activity.
Mn-SOD can be measured by blocking the Cu/Zn-SOD and EC-SOD activity using potassium cyanide (KCN) or Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC).[Measurement Example]・Add 1-10 mmol/l KCN or DDC to the sample solution and incubate at room temperature for 5 minutes.・Measure SOD-activity and follow the SOD Assay Kit-WST Technical Manual.*Caution*・Optimization is required for the concentration of KCN or DDC and the incubation time by sample. Please refer to the references below.・When calculating the unit (U), please consider the dilution ration of the sample prepared by adding KCN or DDC.
<Reference using KCN (potassium cyanide)> 1) Greenough MA, Volitakis I, Li QX, Laughton K, Evin G, Ho M, Dalziel AH, Camakaris J, Bush AI, “Presenilins promote the cellular uptake of copper and zinc and maintain copper chaperone of SOD1-dependent copper/zinc superoxide dismutase activity”, J Biol Chem., 2011, 286, 9776.
2) Hajime Fujimoto, Jun-ichi Taguchi, “Manganese superoxide dismutase polymorphism affects the oxidized low-density lipoproteininduced apoptosis of macrophages and coronary artery disease.”, European Heart Journal. 2008. 29, 1267.
3) A. Dacanay, S. C. Johnson, R. Bjornsdottir, R. O. Ebanks, N. W. Ross, M. Reith, R. K. Singh, J. Hiu, and L. L. Brown, “Molecular Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Superoxide Dismutases in Virulent and Avirulent Strains of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida” Journal of Bacteriology, 2003, 185 (15), 4336.
<Reference using DDC (Diethyldithiocarbamate)>1) Heikkila RE, Cabbat FS, Cohen G. “In vivo inhibition of superoxide dismutase in mice by diethyldithiocarbamate”, J Biol Chem., 1976, 251, 2182.
A sample stored in a freezer at -80ºC is stable for 1 month.
No. However, you could simply use WST-1, instead of this kit, to measure superoxide. You would need a standard to determine the amount of superoxide in sample solution. Since superoxide is not stable and reacts with various materials, it might be difficult to determine the total amount of superoxide generated in the system. The xanthine-xanthine oxidase system in this kit can be used as a standard for measuring the relative amount of superoxide production in each sample.
Inhibition curve by WST Method
Fig. 5 Inhibition curve prepared by different data acquisition times